In the humid plains of sub-Saharan Africa, the hippopotamus moves between two worlds. It spends its days submerged, with only its eyes, ears, and nostrils visible above the water. At night, it leaves the rivers to graze on land. Despite its massive and calm appearance, the hippo plays an essential role in both aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems.
Article by Damien Lafon and photographs by Cécile Ducreux
The hippopotamus’ unique semi-aquatic lifestyle
The common hippopotamus (Hippopotamus amphibius) is perfectly adapted to life in the water. Its skin secretes a pinkish fluid with antiseptic properties. It automatically closes its nostrils and ears when diving. Its dense body allows it to walk easily along riverbeds rather than swim.
Yet, despite its aquatic life, the hippo feeds entirely on land. Every night, it leaves the water to travel several kilometers in search of grass. This daily movement between two environments explains its ecological contribution.
The hippopotamus, an ecosystem engineer
The hippopotamus plays a major ecological role by fertilizing aquatic systems. Its dung, rich in nitrogen and phosphorus, feeds algae and microorganisms. These nutrients stimulate plankton growth, forming the base of many aquatic food chains.
In addition, by moving through riverbeds, hippos slightly alter water flow. This reshapes sandbanks and creates small side channels. In this way, they influence the natural dynamics of wetlands.
However, what was once a balanced contribution now presents new challenges.
Growing conflicts with local communities
With population growth across Africa, human-hippo conflicts are increasing. Hippos leave the rivers to graze in farmland. Their nighttime movements cause significant damage to subsistence crops.
In response, some farmers resort to aggressive protection measures, leading to confrontations. In many regions, the hippo is now seen as a direct threat.
Despite its calm appearance, the hippopotamus can be extremely dangerous when threatened. It fiercely defends its territory, especially during mating season or when protecting calves. Every year, hundreds of serious incidents are reported.
Did you know?
The word “hippopotamus” comes from ancient Greek and means “river horse,” although the species is not related to horses.
A discreet population decline
According to the IUCN, the common hippopotamus is listed as a vulnerable species. While it remains widespread in East Africa, some populations have declined sharply. The loss of wetlands, water pollution, and poaching worsen the situation.
The illegal trade in hippo teeth used as a substitute for elephant ivory also increases pressure on the species. In remote regions, populations are no longer accurately monitored, making conservation efforts more difficult.
Evolving conservation strategies
In response, several NGOs and national parks have launched conservation initiatives. Some focus on restoring riverbanks, creating ecological corridors, and raising awareness among local communities.
In Tanzania, for example, community-based programs involve farmers in protecting river ecosystems. Natural or sound barriers are being tested to keep hippos away from crops. These gentle, still-experimental solutions help reduce tensions.
Other projects promote citizen science. Researchers work with residents to identify conflict zones and define protected areas or seasonal alert periods together.
A renewed scientific perspective
Long seen as a robust and relatively safe species, the hippopotamus is now drawing increased attention. Researchers are studying its impact on river systems, social behavior, and its potential role in disease transmission.
New studies also focus on vocal behavior, particularly underwater grunts. These sounds may help maintain group cohesion or warn intruders.
GPS tracking is used to identify seasonal migration routes. This data supports better-informed management strategies grounded in field realities.
Did you know?
The hippopotamus is one of the most dangerous animals in Africa in terms of direct human conflict.
The future of the hippopotamus in Africa
Today, the survival of the hippopotamus depends on a balanced approach. Protecting the species must go hand in hand with supporting human communities.
This means better land management, adapted education, and above all, active listening to local needs. By integrating traditional knowledge, conservation programs gain both legitimacy and effectiveness.
Often overlooked in environmental discussions, the hippopotamus deserves a central place in reflections on African biodiversity. Its role extends far beyond its familiar silhouette: it connects rivers to land, and people to natural cycles.
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