Reindeer in Iceland: a story of survival and adaptation

Although Icelandic reindeer are emblematic species of the Nordic regions, they are not indigenous to the island. Introduced in the 18th century, they have adapted to the harsh conditions of the Icelandic environment, contributing to the ecosystem while occupying a unique place in the country’s history and culture. Iceland’s vast eastern plains provide a suitable habitat for these hardy animals.

Article and photographs by Damien Lafon / edited by Alex C.

Winter landscape of a snow-covered Icelandic plain, with hills and mountains in the background under a clear sky. — *The Icelandic plains in the south of the country are an ideal habitat for reindeer.*

Travellers from Norway

Reindeer were introduced to Iceland from Norway in 1771. This project, initiated by the Danes who governed Iceland at the time, aimed to create a new source of meat, leather and transport for the inhabitants. Several groups of reindeer were imported and released in different parts of the country. However, only those released in the east of the island managed to survive and establish themselves permanently.

Today, reindeer are concentrated exclusively in the eastern regions of Iceland, mainly in the Eastern Highlands and surrounding coastal areas. This population, estimated at around 3,000 wild individuals, is the only one present on the island and continues to thrive despite the extreme climatic conditions of the region.

Did you know?
Unlike many Nordic countries, Icelandic reindeer are not domesticated. Icelandic reindeer are not considered a native species, but their presence is tolerated because of their role in the local ecosystem.

Surviving and thriving in the Hostile Lands

Icelandic reindeer migrate between the highlands and the coast depending on the season. In summer, they prefer mountainous regions where they find lichens, grasses and shrubs to feed on. In winter, they move down to the coastal plains, where the vegetation is more accessible despite the freezing cold.

Their thick coats enable them to withstand the violent winds and low temperatures. What’s more, their large cloven hooves give them excellent grip on snowy and rocky terrain. Despite these adaptations, they remain vulnerable to extreme weather conditions and harsh winters, which can drastically reduce their food sources and increase their mortality.

Did you know?
Reindeer have a double-layered coat: an insulating inner layer and a moisture-resistant outer layer, enabling them to withstand freezing temperatures without disrupting their metabolism.

Three Icelandic reindeer feeding in a snowy valley, illustrating their social behaviour and natural habitat. — *Young male (left) in his group. ©️Florian Lafon*

Two Icelandic reindeer graze on dry grass on a snowy plain, demonstrating their adaptation to the winter environment. — *Two reindeer grazing on the plains of Iceland.*

Preserving the balance of wildlife

In Iceland, managing the reindeer population is essential to avoid excessive growth. In the absence of natural predators, their numbers could explode and cause ecological damage, particularly through overgrazing of the fragile vegetation. To prevent this from happening, a strictly regulated hunt is organised every year. The aim of this practice is to maintain a balance between wildlife and the natural resources available.

This hunting is not a custom, but a necessary measure to control the population, prevent conflicts with farmers and protect vulnerable ecosystems. The Icelandic authorities provide rigorous monitoring to ensure that this practice remains in line with conservation objectives.

Did you know?
Reindeer play a key ecological role by dispersing seeds and facilitating the growth of certain plants. Some have even been observed swimming across the fjords to reach new pastures.

Protecting the balance of reindeer in Iceland

Icelandic reindeer, introduced over two centuries ago, have adapted and integrated into the eastern ecosystem. Their ability to migrate with the seasons and thrive in difficult conditions makes them a living symbol of the Nordic landscape. However, with climate change and the expansion of human infrastructures, it is important to preserve this delicate balance. Maintaining this harmony between nature and wildlife is essential for the sustainable future of the island.